Selenium Interview Questions and Answers: 60 Questions from Easy to Hard

Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<>(driver)
        .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
        .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(2))
        .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);  // org.openqa.selenium

String status = wait.until(d -> {
    String text = d.findElement(By.id("payment-status")).getText();
    return text.equals("SUCCESS") ? text : null;   // null = keep waiting
});

first_row = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#leave-table tbody tr")
driver.find_element(By.ID, "filter-pending").click()   # table re-renders

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
wait.until(EC.staleness_of(first_row))     # the old row is detached
rows = wait.until(EC.presence_of_all_elements_located(
    (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#leave-table tbody tr")))
print(rows[0].text)                        # fresh reference, no error

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
wait.until(EC.invisibility_of_element_located(
    (By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".spinner-overlay")))
wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "apply-leave"))).click()

<table id="employees">
  <tr>
    <td>Rahul Verma</td>
    <td>Pune</td>
    <td><button class="btn edit">Edit</button></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td> Priya Sharma </td>
    <td>Bengaluru</td>
    <td><button class="btn edit">Edit</button></td>
  </tr>
</table>

//table[@id='employees']//tr[td[normalize-space()='Priya Sharma']]//button[normalize-space()='Edit']

<div class="actions">
  <button class="btn-link">Cancel</button>
  <button class="btn primary">
    <span>Save</span>
  </button>
</div>

//button[contains(@class,'btn')]        2 matches (Cancel too)
//button[text()='Save']                 0 matches
//button[normalize-space()='Save']      1 match
//button[contains(concat(' ', normalize-space(@class), ' '), ' btn ')]   1 match

String original = driver.getWindowHandle();
driver.findElement(By.linkText("View payslip")).click();

new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
        .until(ExpectedConditions.numberOfWindowsToBe(2));
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if (!handle.equals(original)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handle);
        break;
    }
}
// ... check the payslip in the new tab ...
driver.close();
driver.switchTo().window(original);

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

actions.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.id("reports-menu"))).perform();
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(
        By.linkText("Attendance report"))).click();

WebElement card = driver.findElement(By.id("task-142"));
WebElement done = driver.findElement(By.id("column-done"));
actions.dragAndDrop(card, done).perform();

actions.keyDown(Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys("a").keyUp(Keys.CONTROL).perform();

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
WebElement submit = driver.findElement(By.id("submit-claim"));

js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView({block: 'center'});", submit);
String state = (String) js.executeScript("return document.readyState;");
Long rows = (Long) js.executeScript(
        "return document.querySelectorAll('#claims tbody tr').length;");

// Warning sign: forces a click that a real user may not be able to make
// js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", submit);

public class LeavePage {
    private final WebDriver driver;
    private final WebDriverWait wait;
    private final By leaveType = By.id("leave-type");
    private final By fromDate = By.name("from");
    private final By submit = By.cssSelector("[data-testid='apply-leave']");
    private final By toast = By.cssSelector(".toast-message");

    public LeavePage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        this.wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
    }

    public LeavePage apply(String type, String from) {
        new Select(driver.findElement(leaveType)).selectByVisibleText(type);
        driver.findElement(fromDate).sendKeys(from);
        driver.findElement(submit).click();
        return this;
    }

    public String toastText() {
        return wait.until(ExpectedConditions
                .visibilityOfElementLocated(toast)).getText();
    }
}

@DataProvider(name = "badLogins")
public Object[][] badLogins() {
    return new Object[][] {
        {"", "Secret@1", "Username is required"},
        {"ravi.k", "", "Password is required"},
        {"ravi.k", "wrong-pass", "Invalid username or password"},
    };
}

@Test(dataProvider = "badLogins")
public void showsLoginError(String user, String pass, String message) {
    LoginPage page = new LoginPage(driver).open();
    page.loginAs(user, pass);
    Assert.assertEquals(page.errorText(), message);
}

import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

@pytest.fixture
def driver():
    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.add_argument("--headless=new")
    drv = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    yield drv              # the test runs here
    drv.quit()             # teardown, also after a failure

@pytest.mark.smoke
@pytest.mark.parametrize("city", ["Pune", "Chennai", "Jaipur"])
def test_search_by_city(driver, city):
    driver.get("https://jobs.example.com/search?city=" + city)
    assert city in driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "h1").text

# conftest.py
import os
import pytest

@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
def pytest_runtest_makereport(item, call):
    outcome = yield
    report = outcome.get_result()
    if report.when == "call" and report.failed:
        driver = item.funcargs.get("driver")
        if driver is not None:
            os.makedirs("screenshots", exist_ok=True)
            driver.save_screenshot(f"screenshots/{item.name}.png")
            with open(f"screenshots/{item.name}.html", "w") as f:
                f.write(driver.page_source)

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--headless=new")
options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")   # same layout as desktop
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)